Bibliography

All sources cited in this project, formatted in APA 7th edition style.

Government Reports & Official Sources

  1. Blake, E. S., Kimberlain, T. B., Berg, R. J., Cangialosi, J. P., & Beven, J. L. (2013). Tropical cyclone report: Hurricane Sandy (AL182012). National Hurricane Center. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL182012_Sandy.pdf
  2. City of New York. (2013). A stronger, more resilient New York. Special Initiative for Rebuilding and Resiliency (SIRR). https://www.nyc.gov/html/sirr/downloads/pdf/final_report/001SIRR_cover_for_DoITT.pdf
  3. Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2013). Hurricane Sandy FEMA after-action report. https://alnap.hacdn.io/media/documents/sandy-fema-aar.pdf
  4. National Hurricane Center. (2013). NWS warning and product changes associated with post-tropical cyclones (Service Change Notice 13-21). National Weather Service. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/news/20130404_scn_postTropicalChanges.php
  5. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2013). Hurricane/Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy, October 22–29, 2012 (Service Assessment). NOAA/NWS. https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/Sandy13.pdf
  6. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services. (2013). Hurricane Sandy, October 29, 2012: Water level and meteorological data report. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/Hurricane_Sandy_2012_Water_Level_and_Meteorological_Data_Report.pdf
  7. National Centers for Environmental Information. (2024). Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones (CPI-adjusted to 2024 dollars). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/

Climate Science & IPCC

  1. IPCC. (2021). Climate change 2021: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896
  2. IPCC. (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844
  3. Kemp, A. C., & Horton, B. P. (2013). Contribution of relative sea-level rise to historical hurricane flooding in New York City. Journal of Quaternary Science, 28(6), 537–541. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2653
  4. Trenberth, K. E. (2012). Framing the way to relate climate extremes to climate change. Climatic Change, 115(2), 283–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0441-5

Sea Level Rise & Storm Surge

  1. Lin, N., Emanuel, K., Oppenheimer, M., & Vanmarcke, E. (2012). Physically based assessment of hurricane surge threat under climate change. Nature Climate Change, 2(6), 462–467. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1389
  2. Strauss, B. H., Orton, P. M., Bittermann, K., Buchanan, M. K., Gilford, D. M., Kopp, R. E., Kulp, S., Massey, C., de Moel, H., & Vinogradov, S. (2021). Economic damages from Hurricane Sandy attributable to sea level rise caused by anthropogenic climate change. Nature Communications, 12, 2720. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22838-1
  3. Sweet, W. V., Kopp, R. E., Weaver, C. P., Obeysekera, J., Horton, R. M., Thieler, E. R., & Zervas, C. (2017). Global and regional sea level rise scenarios for the United States (NOAA Technical Report NOS CO-OPS 083). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  4. Orton, P. M., Conticello, F. R., Cioffi, F., Hall, T. M., Georgas, N., Lall, U., Blumberg, A. F., & MacManus, K. (2020). Flood hazard assessment from storm tides, rain and sea level rise for a tidal river estuary. Natural Hazards, 102, 729–757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3251-x

Socioeconomic Impact & Vulnerability

  1. Abramson, D. M., Van Alst, D., Merdjanoff, A., Piltch-Loeb, R., Beedasy, J., Findley, P., Peek, L. A., Mordy, M., & Moroso, S. (2015). The Hurricane Sandy Person Report: Disaster exposure, health impacts, economic burden, and social well-being. Sandy Child and Family Health Study, Rutgers University and New York University.
  2. Faber, J. W. (2015). Superstorm Sandy and the demographics of flood risk in New York City. Human Ecology, 43(3), 363–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-015-9757-x
  3. Kunz, M., Mühr, B., Kunz-Plapp, T., Daniell, J. E., Khazai, B., Wenzel, F., Vannieuwenhuyse, M., Matber, T., & Elmer, F. (2013). Investigation of superstorm Sandy 2012 in a multi-disciplinary approach. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 13(10), 2579–2598. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2579-2013

Mitigation & Resilience

  1. Aerts, J. C. J. H., Botzen, W. J. W., Emanuel, K., Lin, N., de Moel, H., & Michel-Kerjan, E. O. (2014). Evaluating flood resilience strategies for coastal megacities. Science, 344(6183), 473–475. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1248222
  2. NYC Mayor's Office of Recovery and Resiliency. (2019). Climate resiliency design guidelines (Version 4.0). City of New York. https://www.nyc.gov/content/climate/pages/reports-and-publications/climate-resiliency-design-guidelines
  3. Rosenzweig, C., & Solecki, W. (2014). Hurricane Sandy and adaptation pathways in New York: Lessons from a first-responder city. Global Environmental Change, 28, 395–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.05.003

Tropical Cyclone Trends & Attribution

  1. Kossin, J. P., Emanuel, K. A., & Vecchi, G. A. (2014). The poleward migration of the location of tropical cyclone maximum intensity. Nature, 509(7500), 349–352. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13278
  2. Kossin, J. P., Knapp, K. R., Olander, T. L., & Velden, C. S. (2020). Global increase in major tropical cyclone exceedance probability over the past four decades. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(22), 11975–11980. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920849117
  3. Kossin, J. P. (2018). A global slowdown of tropical-cyclone translation speed. Nature, 558(7708), 104–107. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0158-3
  4. Hall, T. M., & Sobel, A. H. (2013). On the impact angle of Hurricane Sandy's New Jersey landfall. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(10), 2312–2315. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50395

Photo Credits

  1. NASA MODIS / Terra Satellite. (2012, October 28). Hurricane Sandy [Satellite image]. Public domain.
  2. Shankbone, D. (2012). Manhattan blackout during Hurricane Sandy [Photograph]. CC BY 3.0.
  3. Shankbone, D. (2012). Manhattan power outage during Hurricane Sandy [Photograph]. CC BY 3.0.
  4. U.S. Air Force. (2012, October 30). New Jersey coastline aerial after Hurricane Sandy [Photograph]. Public domain.
  5. Henderson, J. (2012). John B. Caddell tanker beached on Front Street, Staten Island [Photograph]. Public domain.
  6. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2012). New Jersey shore flooding after Hurricane Sandy [Photograph]. Public domain.
  7. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. (2012). Pump train in Cranberry Street subway tunnel [Photograph]. CC BY 2.0.
  8. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. (2012). Hugh L. Carey Tunnel flooded [Photograph]. CC BY 2.0.
  9. U.S. Coast Guard. (2012). Breezy Point, Queens fire damage aerial [Photograph]. Public domain.
  10. Henderson, J. (2012). Fuel shortage lines in New York City [Photograph]. Public domain.
  11. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. (2012). Boat on subway tracks [Photograph]. CC BY 2.0.
  12. Henderson, J. (2012). Brooklyn storm damage at bay [Photograph]. Public domain.
  13. Zifan, A. (2016). USA map of Köppen climate classification [Map]. Wikimedia Commons. CC BY-SA 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USA_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg

All references are formatted in APA 7th edition style. URLs are provided where available. Accessed May 2026.